Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias UNCuyo
Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, from Universidad Nacional del Cuyo, publishes original, peer-reviewed articles in English from all over the world. Scope: Agronomy, Food science and Renewable resources. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias adheres to the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI): http://www.soros.org/openaccess/ Publishing institution: Universidad Nacional de Cuyo | Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias | Centro de ediciones Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Periodicity: One volume is published per year, two issues (June and December). Continuous publication. Beginning of activities: June 9, 1949 Online ISSN: 1853-8665
Aquellos autores/as que tengan publicaciones con esta revista, aceptan las Políticas Editoriales.
Farmers’ Fertilizer Use Behaviour: Evidence from Western Part of Türkiye
Fertilizer use has been important for decades. Recent records show significant increases in their usage. Excessive and unconscious applications threaten human and environmental health and cause economic losses. This study aims to identify farmers’ fertilizer use behaviour in Izmir province. In 2016, survey data were collected using a structured questionnaire concerning farmers’ views and attitudes regarding fertilizer use. Seven factors were identified, explaining 80.34% of total variability, determining farmers’ behaviour in the study area by cluster analysis. Farmers in the region were classified into four groups. The largest group, “environment and health-oriented”, comprised 38.8% of the farmers. We concluded that farmers consider environmental sensitivity regarding fertilizer applications; however, environmental awareness should be further developed. Highlights: Seven key factors explaining 80.3 % of the variability in farmers’ fertilizer use behaviour were identified through factor analysis. Cluster analysis classified farmers into four groups: unconscious, support-oriented, environment & health-oriented, and return-oriented. The largest group (38.8 %) showed strong environmental and health awareness regarding fertilizer use. Economic incentives and expectations of crop price or fertilizer price changes significantly influenced fertilizer use decisions. Results highlight the need for extension services and policy measures to raise environmental awareness and promote sustainable fertilizer management.
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Determinants of Agricultural Land Prices in the Mendoza River Basin: A Spatial Hedonic Analysis with Emphasis on Irrigation Water
This research examines the determinants of agricultural land prices in the Mendoza River Basin, with emphasis on the marginal contribution of irrigation water as a strategic resource in an arid context. An original georeferenced database of 297 cultivated rural properties (2003-2024) was compiled, using advertised asking prices expressed in 2024 constant US dollars. A mixed spatial hedonic model with a log-log functional form was applied, incorporating hierarchical random effects (district nested within department), exponential spatial correlation, and heterogeneous variance across districts. The results indicate that properties with definitive surface irrigation rights command prices approximately 21% higher than comparable properties that rely exclusively on groundwater, confirming surface irrigation water as a pivotal economic asset. Soil quality and productive improvements increase land values by approximately 20% and 21%, respectively. In contrast, land size and distance to urban centres have significant negative effects (elasticities of -0.39 and -0.47). These findings highlight the central role of surface irrigation water as an economic asset and indicate a territorially segmented land market. The proposed methodology provides empirical evidence to support the design and implementation of water management and land-use planning policies in irrigated agricultural regions. Highlights: A spatial mixed log–log hedonic model is estimated for 297 agricultural properties in an arid irrigated basin. Secure surface or mixed irrigation water increases farmland prices by approximately 21% relative to groundwater-only properties. Soil quality and productive improvements generate land value premiums of approximately 20% and 21%, respectively. Larger farms and greater distance to urban centres significantly reduce land values. Accounting for spatial dependence and territorial hierarchy improves inference and policy relevance.
Social Welfare Effects of Water Security Improvements in Arid Regions: The Case of Mendoza, Argentina
Water security is a critical challenge in Mendoza, Argentina, an arid region that faces rising water demand and uncertainty caused by climate change. Agriculture consumes 90% of the fresh water in the region, while vineyards occupy just over 60% of the cultivated area. This study estimates the social welfare effects of an improvement in water security achieved by reallocating water from vineyards to other uses. We used a multidisciplinary approach, applying benefit transfer to estimate social welfare changes and water footprint to quantify shifts in water availability. Our findings suggest that a water security policy in the Mendocinian Northern Oasis can result in an average 21-percentage-point increase in annual water availability for other uses. This equals an average household welfare gain of 17.43 US dollars per year (95% CI: 8.40-35.64) at 2024 prices over the next 30 years. This study offers a framework for regions worldwide facing similar challenges of water scarcity, increasing water demand, and climate change. Moreover, it can support the design of more informed water management strategies to ensure long-term water security. Highlights: A framework is proposed for evaluating water security improvements in arid regions. Aligning water distribution with crop water needs enables efficient water allocation. Water security improvement policies increase social welfare for Mendocinian citizens. A multidisciplinary approach is developed using benefit transfer and water footprint. Water security improvement equals an annual welfare gain of 17.43 US dollars per household.
Growth and Foliar Alkaloid Content of Clitoria ternatea under Different Irrigation Frequencies
Clitoria ternatea is widely used in tropical livestock farming. This study evaluates the agronomic performance and alkaloid content of C. ternatea under different irrigation frequencies in protected cultivation. A randomized block design with controlled manual irrigation was implemented with five treatments, four replicates, and five experimental units per treatment. Treatments included daily irrigation (T0), irrigation every two days (T1), every three days (T2), every four days (T3), and every five days (T4). We evaluated plant height, leaf and internode number, leaf area, green and dry matter yield, and alkaloid content. Irrigation every three or four days generally resulted in the highest values for the measured variables compared to the control. Reduced irrigation frequency affects the agronomic performance of C. ternatea in protected cultivation. Agronomic indicators were highest under irrigation every three or four days. Alkaloid content did not vary with irrigation frequency. Highlights: Clitoria ternateais widely used in tropical livestock farming due to its adaptability, productivity, and nutritional value. Thestructured design with controlled manual irrigation had five treatments, four replicates and five experimental units, totalizing 100 plants. Maximum plant height was achieved when Clitoria ternateareceived irrigation every four or five days, with T4 reaching 48.50 cm at 50 days Leaf number increased as plants matured, with the highest value recorded in T3 (48 leaves at 50 days). Irrigation every 2 days increases alkaloid content and plant yield.
Ammonium Sulfate Improves Nutrient Status and Photosynthetic Activity in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Grown in Alkaline-Saline-Sodic Soils
This study investigated whether fertilization with urea or ammonium sulfate could mitigate the growth limitations of sorghum imposed by alkaline-saline-sodic (ASS) soils. We hypothesized that the application of these nitrogen sources would improve the plant’s mineral status and photosynthetic activity. Experiments were conducted using three sorghum hybrids under both field and greenhouse conditions, comparing ASS soil to a non-ASS control. The treatments included fertilization with ammonium sulfate, urea, and a non-fertilized control. At the end of both experiments, soil and plant samples were analyzed to assess soil pH, nutrient content, and chlorophyll fluorescence. Our results demonstrate that ammonium sulfate, but not urea, significantly improved plant mineral status by inducing acidification in the ASS soil. This improved status led to increased photosynthetic rates and biomass production compared to unfertilized controls. These findings position ammonium sulfate as an effective tool for improving sorghum growth and productivity in challenging marginal soils. Highlights: Ammonium sulfate (AS) fertilization reduced alkaline-saline-sodic (ASS) soil pH by approximately 1 unit under field conditions, whereas urea (U) shows no significant effect on soil pH. Unlike U, fertilization with AS improves the mineral status of sorghum by increasing the uptake of essential macro- and micronutrients, including N, P, K, and Ca, which are limited in AAS soils. The damage to the photosystem II electron transport chain was mitigated by AS treatment, demonstrating protection of the photosynthetic machinery from ASS stress. Hybrid-specific responses revealed that moderately tolerant genotypes (163 and SIP) achieved biomass production comparable to control soil conditions when treated with AS, highlighting the importance of combining appropriate genotypes with fertilization strategies.
Yield and Development of Winter and Spring Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) at Different Sowing Dates in Temperate Environments
Optimal sowing dates should match the crop-critical period with favorable conditions. In rapeseed, growth stages change among spring and winter cultivars. This study characterized changes in rapeseed phenology with varying sowing dates to determine critical periods in both winter and spring cultivars. The trial took place in Balcarce, Argentina, where a winter-type variety and a spring-type were sown on eight different dates in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Phenology was monitored weekly, and yield was evaluated at the end of the season. Changes in sowing dates and cultivars led to variations in the timing of critical periods. Considering the experimental conditions, the optimal sowing window was between April and July for sowing either rapeseed cultivar. However, the winter variety did not bloom for sowing dates after July, while the spring variety showed yield reductions due to frosts for sowing dates before the end of April. Changes in sowing date resulted in differences in timing and duration of vegetative and reproductive stages, generally leading to shorter crop cycles. However, in late sowing, winter cultivars lengthened their life cycle to the point of not reaching flowering during the growing season. Highlights: Adjustments in sowing dates and cultivar types changed the timing and duration of vegetative and reproductive stages. Late sowing extended winter cultivar cycles, occasionally preventing flowering within the season. Winter cultivars failed to flower after July sowing, while spring cultivars faced yield reductions from frosts in early sowing.
Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Neltuma ruscifolia under Na2SO4 Stress
Salt stress limits plant production in arid and semi-arid zones. Although Na2SO4 is frequent in saline soils, most studies on plant physiological responses to salt stress were conducted using NaCl. This study aimed to determine the effect of Na2SO4 salt stress on physiological and biochemical responses in Neltuma ruscifolia. Increasing concentrations of Na2SO4 were added to 6-month-old plants grown hydroponically in 25% Hoagland nutrient solution. After 60 days of saline treatments, biomass, cysteine concentration, gas exchange, mineral composition, abscisic acid and salicylic acid concentrations, and antioxidant enzyme activity were determined. It is concluded that 200 mmol L-1 Na2SO4 is the threshold for N. ruscifolia seedling growth. Growth inhibition can be attributed to altered ionic homeostasis and photosynthesis inhibition after stomatal closure. Nevertheless, the species shows adaptive responses to this salt. Stomatal closure and increased foliar concentrations of abscisic acid contribute to water economy, while cysteine synthesis reduces sulfate toxicity. In parallel, salt stress induces salicylic acid accumulation in leaves, increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes that prevent oxidative stress. Highlights: The threshold for growth of Neltuma ruscifolia is 200 mmol L-1 Na2SO4. Salt stress altered ionic homeostasis. Sodium sulfate inhibited photosynthesis due to stomatal closure. Salt stress increased concentrations of abscisic acid and salicylic acid. Salt stress triggers the species' antioxidant response.
First Record of Spintherophyta aurichalcea (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Damaging Ilex paraguariensis (St. Hil.) Crops in Argentina
Ilex paraguariensis (St. Hil.), commonly known as yerba mate, is a native plant to South America and cultivated in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. In Argentina, yerba mate is produced and cultivated throughout the province of Misiones and northeastern Corrientes. Yerba mate is a major crop in this region, providing raw material for beverages and active compounds for the pharmaceutical industry. Yerba mate crops are attacked by different phytophagous insects that can cause significant damage. This study reports the first confirmed record of Spintherophyta aurichalcea (Germar, 1824) as a phytophagous insect damaging commercial Ilex paraguariensis plantations in Misiones and Corrientes provinces, Argentina. Highligths: First confirmed record of Spintherophyta aurichalcea damaging Ilex paraguariensis crops in Argentina. The beetle was detected in commercial yerba mate plantations in Misiones and Corrientes provinces. Adults feed on young shoots and mature leaves, causing necrotic and perforated damage. Findings provide baseline information for future monitoring and pest management strategies.
Mortality of the Toad Grasshopper (Bufonacris claraziana Saussure) Caused by Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vullemin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) by Two Inoculation Methods under Field-Cage Conditions
Bufonacris claraziana Saussure (Orthoptera: Tristiridae) is a pest grasshopper species in Patagonia, Argentina. Outbreaks of B. claraziana have gained frequency in recent years. This study compared three infection methods (spraying and baits) on B. claraziana mortality caused by Beauveria bassiana under field-cage conditions in the natural habitat. The study was conducted in Cushamen, a typical outbreak area in Chubut province. Three treatments were tested: Treatment I involved spraying with a fungal suspension (1×108 conidia/ml), treatment II used wheat bran baits with the same suspension, and treatment III used wheat bran baits with added canola oil as a phagostimulant. Mortality rates were monitored every 24 hours for 15 days. Total mortality differed among the treatments (F: 17.58; p: 0.0007). After 15 days, mortality was 60%, 70%, and 100% for treatments I, II, and III, respectively. No mortality was observed in treatments I and II until day 5, while treatment III showed 36.7% mortality by day 5 and reached 100% by day 10. Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated significant differences in survival among treatments, with the lowest survival in treatment III (log-rank test p<0.05). Wheat bran bait with canola oil (treatment III) was the most effective inoculation. Highlights: This is the first study comparing two infection methods of Beauveria bassiana against Bufonacris claraziana under field-cage conditions. Total mortality reached 60%, 70%, and 100% for spray, bait, and bait + canola oil treatments, respectively. Survival analysis revealed significantly lower survival in the bait + canola oil treatment. Wheat bran baits with canola oil enhanced fungal efficacy by protecting conidia and stimulating nymph feeding, being the most effective treatment in this study. Results confirm B. bassiana as a promising biocontrol agent for managing B. claraziana outbreaks in Patagonia.
Biofungicide Formulation Based on Bacillus velezensis EM-A8 for Control of Maize Foliar Diseases
The aim was to evaluate inoculum production of Bacillus velezensis EM-A8, a native bacterium of maize phyllosphere, antagonist to foliar pathogens Exserohilum turcicum and Puccinia sorghi. Six economic media were tested: 1) Nutrient Broth (8 g.L-1); 2) Whole soybean flour (40 g.L-1) + sucrose (20 g.L-1); 3) Whole soybean flour (10 g.L-1) + molasses (20 g.L-1), 4) Whole soybean flour (40 g.L-1) + molasses (10 g.L-1); 5) Yeast extract (10 g.L-1) + molasses (5 g.L-1) and 6) Yeast extract (10 g.L-1) + sucrose (5 g.L-1). Growth was determined spectrophotometrically at 620 nm and viability was estimated. M2 showed the shortest generation time (g 1.22 h). M3 and M5 were selected for efficiency and aW was modified with glycerol at 0.97. Inoculums were stored under refrigeration (5°C) and room temperature (20-25°C) for 8 months. At 5°C the viability of the antagonist at 3.3-4.5 log CFU ml-1 was significantly lower than at room temperature (6-6.8 log CFU ml-1), where M5 showed the highest stability. The bioformulation of B. velezensis EM-A8 in M5 at aW 0.97 and stored at room temperature will allow successful control of maize foliar diseases. Highlights: Commercial products and by-products in different media provide high growth and shelf life of velezensis EM-A8 Storage temperature significantly affected velezensis EM-A8 viability velezensis EM-A8 in growth medium with yeast extract and molasses, modified aW with glycerol at 0.97 and stored at room temperature is a promising product Liquid formulations stored at room temperature maintained stable viability in 6 log for 8 months.
Critical Point Analysis for Sustainable Management of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Smallholder Walnut Farms of Catamarca, Argentina
In Argentina, 80% of walnut production is carried out by smallholder farms facing poor technology, production constraints, and substantial economic losses due to pests like Cydia pomonella (codling moth). We assessed sustainability risks linked to phytosanitary management on small farms in the Ambato region of Catamarca, Argentina. Our analysis included a “strong sustainability” framework with three key dimensions: ecological, economic, and sociocultural. A total of 26 indicators were related to this species’ management. Using semi-structured interviews, visual aids, and field surveys across seven farms, an overall sustainability index of 1.521 was calculated, with 50% of the indicators scoring below the established threshold (on a five-level sustainability scale, the selected threshold was level two). The ecological dimension emerged as the most sustainable. Limitations included absent systematic monitoring and optimisation of treatment timing, solely with agrochemical control, weak farmer-to-farmer collaboration, and insufficient training opportunities. Cluster analysis revealed four distinct groups based on phytosanitary practices. This study highlights critical intervention points and suggests agroecological strategies to enhance sustainable pest management in smallholder walnut systems. Highlights: A strong sustainability framework (ecological, sociocultural and economic) was applied to assess Cydia pomonellamanagement in smallholder walnut farms in Catamarca, Argentina. Sustainability was evaluated through 26 indicators using semi-structured interviews, visual tools, and field surveys. The overall sustainability index was low (1.521), with 50% of indicators falling below the acceptable threshold. Ecological practices showed comparatively higher sustainability, but suffered from lack of monitoring and weak communication between farmers. Cluster analysis indicated four distinct phytosanitary management profiles, suggesting targeted agroecological interventions.
Epiphytic Microorganisms Associated with Banana Phyllosphere with Potential Antagonism to Black Sigatoka (Pseudocercospora fijiensis) in Los Ríos, Ecuador
Black Sigatoka (Pseudocercospora fijiensis) is the most important leaf spot disease of bananas worldwide, particularly affecting Cavendish banana, the most exported variety. Additionally, this pathogen has developed resistance to some effective fungicides, making its management increasingly difficult. Epiphytic microorganisms with potential antagonism to P. fijiensis were identified in conventional banana farms in the province of Los Ríos. Sampling areas were determined through zoning processes and selecting the cantons of Mocache, Valencia, Baba and Pueblo Viejo. Leaf tissue samples were collected from three farms per zone. Microorganisms were isolated and morphologically and molecularly characterised in nine farms in the cantons of Valencia (63 bacteria), Baba (39 bacteria), Pueblo Viejo (8 bacteria) and 8 genera of fungi including 15 species. The isolated bacteria presented macroscopic and microscopic characteristics with different shapes, elevations, edges, consistencies and pigmentations. Taxonomically, they belonged to the genera Bacillus and Cocos, 81% Gram-negative and 19% Gram-positive. The analysis conducted for sampling-site selection allowed the identification of different microbial behaviours. Highlights: Biological control offers a viable strategy to reduce reliance on agrochemicals in agricultural practices. The isolation and characterization of microorganisms are essential for researching and developing biological solutions applicable to banana cultivation. The data obtained provide crucial insights for formulating and developing bioinoculants.
Monitoring of the Community of Scandent Weeds in Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil., Aquifoliaceae) Cultivated in North-Eastern Argentina
Perennial crops account for 10% of the world’s cultivated area. In Argentina, yerba mate is grown within complex plant communities where scandent weeds are major challenges. We conducted bimonthly vegetation censuses to evaluate plant communities in yerba mate fields. These data were used to compare species presence-absence across the four seasons from 2018 to 2023. We grouped the censused species into scandent and non-scandent. The relative frequencies of the species analysed showed minor seasonal variation (chi-square = 2.0802, df = 3, p-value = 0.5559). These results indicated that frequency patterns remained stable throughout the observation period. Consequently, information on species richness and frequency may inform integrated management strategies for these challenges. Although this work focused on yerba mate, the monitoring methodology can be adapted and applied to other perennial crops of agronomic interest. Highligths: The cultivation of yerba mate is accompanied by a rich and complex plant community in North-Eastern Argentina. Bimonthly vegetatiion censuces conducted between 2018 and 2023 allowed a seasonal comparison of plant species presence-absense in yerba mate fields. Weed flora was classified into scandent and non scandent species to evaluate their relative frequencies within the crop system. Species aptterns showed no significant seasonal variation, remaining stable throughout the study period (χ² = 2.08; p = 0.56). Species richness and frequency data provide a robust basis for integrated Weed management strategies and can be applied to other perennial cropping systems.
Effects of Climate Change on Nine Rainfed Zea mays Races in Chiapas, Mexico
Maize cultivation (Zea mays) is essential for Mexico from a nutritional, cultural and economic perspective. Scientific literature ignores the impact of anthropogenic causes of climate change on rainfed cultivation of Z. mays in Chiapas, Mexico, one of the poorest states in the country. Therefore, we modeled the feasibility of rainfed cultivation for nine races of rainfed maize for the years 2060 and 2100. The MaxEnt 4.4.4 algorithm modeled maize cultivation under two scenarios (4.5 and 8.5) for 2060 and 2100. Model inputs were 12 bioclimatic variables, 3 climatic variables, and 1 elevation variable. All layers were obtained from the WorldClim 2.1 project. By 2060, the suitable area for rainfed cultivation of the nine Z. mays races would drastically decrease under both modeled scenarios. By 2100, this area will decrease for seven races, and disappear for the Olotillo and Olotón races. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study providing fundamental information on how climate change will negatively impact the nine Z. mays races in Chiapas, Mexico. This enables the development of sustainable management protocols or conservation strategies. Highlights: The MaxEnt algorithm proved very useful in modeling the effect of climate change on Zea mays. By the year 2060, the viable rainfed cultivation area of the nine mays races will drastically decrease under climate change scenarios 4.5 and 8.5 in Chiapas, México. By the year 2100, the viable rainfed cultivation area of seven mays races will drastically decrease under climate change scenarios 4.5 and 8.5, while Olotillo and Olotón maize races will completely disappear in Chiapas, México. “Maximum temperature of the warmest month” (Bio 5) was the variable with more contribution in 2060 (74% and 92.6%, for 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, respectively) and in 2100 (59.3% and 89.1%, for 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, respectively).
Radial Growth Dynamics and Drought Resilience in Pinus pinea L. Plantations from Central-Western Argentina: Implications for Forestry Development
Forests play a crucial role in ecological stability, carbon sequestration, habitat provision and economy. As climate change intensifies, increasing drought frequency and severity challenge our understanding of forest resilience. Based on this premise, we examined radial growth dynamics and drought response of Pinus pinea L. in Mendoza Province in both mesic and xeric conditions. Using dendrochronological techniques, we assessed the long and short-term effects of soil and atmospheric drought on radial growth trends at two irrigated plantations with contrasting environments. Growth dynamics reflected differences in soil, climate, and irrigation. Growth rates were significantly higher at the mesic stand, which received nearly twice the precipitation and irrigation compared to xeric one. In contrast, growth at the xeric site was strongly limited by early-summer atmospheric drought, while late-growing season soil moisture and climatic conditions affected tree-ring development at the mesic site. Growth resilience to extreme events experienced site dependence, with edaphic drought exerting a stronger negative effect than atmospheric dry spells at the mesic stand. Our results underscore the importance of integrating short- and long-term drought assessment into P. pinea management strategies and support the potential of stone pine plantations in extra-Mediterranean South America for sustainable forestry under changing climatic conditions. Highlights: First dendrochronological assessment of Pinus pinea in Central-Western Argentina. Radial growth shows site-specific sensitivity to drought types: limited by early-summer atmospheric drought at the xeric site and by late-season soil moisture deficit at the mesic site. Irrigation does not fully decouple tree growth from climate, underscoring the need for precise water management in future plantations under semi-arid climates. Full resilience to extreme drought is low (≤50%), with edaphic drought exerting a stronger negative impact than atmospheric drought, particularly at the mesic stand. pinea demonstrates high potential for forestry diversification in semi-arid regions of South America, offering an alternative for sustainable nut and wood production.
Impact of Fire on the Genetic Variability of a Natural Population of Stylosanthes hippocampoides (Fabaceae) in Corrientes, Argentina
Stylosanthes hippocampoides, a native legume forage species, was first studied by our research team in 2016 to assess genetic variability in natural populations in northeastern Argentina. Recurrent fires in the following years raised concerns about their effects on population genetics. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the genetic variability and structure of S. hippocampoides populations before and after fire events, and to infer whether such disturbances influence genetic diversity. Using Geographic Information System tools, we selected one fire-affected population (ASI) and one unaffected population (TC). Genetic analyses were conducted using inter-simple sequence repeat markers, and pre- and post-fire genetic statistics were compared. Greater genetic variability was observed between populations than within them. The TC population exhibited higher intra-population genetic diversity than the ASI population. Genetic variability decreased in ASI post-fire, while TC slightly increased. However, neither change was statistically significant. Genetic structure analysis consistently grouped individuals by population, regardless of fire exposure. These findings provide a foundation for future research on Stylosanthes, incorporating additional populations with varied fire histories and examining post-fire recovery processes. Highlights: Fire impact on genetic variability of Stylosanthes hippocampoides populations in Corrientes Argentina were assessed. This is a preliminary study supporting fire-related conservation planning efforts. Genetic variability was higher among than within populations. Post-fire population showed genetic decline, not statistically significant. Genetic structure grouped individuals by population in all comparisons. This study explores fire effects and recovery in Stylosanthes.
Translocation and Experimental Adaptation of Distichia muscoides Cushions in a Wetland Impacted by Acid Rock Drainage, Ancash, Peru
The deglaciation of the Andean mountain range negatively impacts ecosystems and water bodies, primarily increasing the concentration of heavy metals. However, their concentration can be reduced by applying bioremediation techniques. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the translocation and adaptation of Distichia muscoides cushions in a wetland impacted by acid rock drainage in a high Andean region. For this purpose, the characteristics of water, peat, and D. muscoides tissue were compared in two wetlands, and the behavior of translocated D. muscoides was evaluated based on the bioaccumulation and translocation factors of metals. The quantification of Al, Fe, and Mn in peat, root, and aerial tissue of D. muscoides showed higher concentration values after the translocation of the cushions. Additionally, the bioaccumulation factor classified the transplanted cushions as accumulators of Al, Cu, As, Fe, Mn, and Zn, while the translocation factor classified the cushions as phytoextractors of Al, As, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Zn, and phytostabilizers of Pb and Cu. It is concluded that translocated and adapted D. muscoides cushions have potential for the bioremediation of wetlands contaminated with acid rock drainage. Hightlights: Two wetlands in the Andean mountains were characterized, one with apparent DAR impact and one without. muscoides was successfully translocated and adapted to a DAR-impacted wetland. The concentrations of heavy metals such as Al, Fe, and Mn increased after translocation in the peat, aerial tissues, and roots of muscoides. muscoides demonstrated its potential as a phytoextractor and phytostabilizer of heavy metals. The translocated cushions of muscoides show promise for the bioremediation of heavy metals.
Predictive Modeling of Effective Electrical Conductivity for Irrigation Water in Mendoza, Argentina
This study develops five predictive models based on regression trees to estimate the Effective Electrical Conductivity (CEE) of irrigation water in the Green Belt of Mendoza, Argentina. Using 468 water samples and physicochemical measurements from the Chachingo and Pescara canals, the models incorporate between one and six predictor variables. The most prominent model includes values of Actual Electrical Conductivity (CEA), calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 and a mean absolute error of 26.5 µS cm-1. CEE is a key indicator for assessing water quality in areas with moderately soluble salts. These models provide a cost-effective tool for identifying salinity risks in irrigation water of varying quality. Their simplicity and robustness make them suitable for Mendoza or other regions with similar conditions, supporting efficient water resource management in agriculture. Highlights: Los modelos de árboles de regresión permitieron predecir con precisión la conductividad eléctrica efectiva (CEE) en aguas de riego bajo condiciones locales. Los modelos se desarrollaron utilizando 468 muestras de agua del sistema de riego del Cinturón Verde de Mendoza. El Modelo 3 alcanzó un alto desempeño predictivo (R = 0,99) utilizando solo cuatro variables de fácil medición. El enfoque propuesto reduce la necesidad de análisis fisicoquímicos completos, disminuyendo costos operativos. Esta metodología constituye una herramienta práctica para el monitoreo eficiente de la calidad del agua de riego en regiones semiáridas.
Statistical Optimization of Seed Coating in Arid-Zone Grass Species Used as Cover Crops in Woody Agroecosystems
Inter-row vegetative cover improves soil physicochemical properties and biodiversity but should not compete with main crop for water. Native grass species such as Leptochloa crinita (Lag.) P. M. Peterson & N. W. Snow, Pappophorum caespitosum R. E. Fr. and Digitaria californica (Benth.) Henrard var. californica provide forage value, require less water than conventional cover crops, and exhibit high tolerance to the edaphoclimatic conditions of arid regions. However, their small seed size hinders efficient handling and sowing. Seed coating increases seed size and weight, forming a pellet that improves handling, distribution, and protection. Nevertheless, limited information is available on coating techniques for small-seeded species. This study aims to optimize the coating process through a statistically designed experiment to evaluate key morphological and physiological seed traits. A Box-Behnken design was applied to optimize one compositional factor of the pellet and two operational parameters. Pellet traits such as size, heterogeneity, seed number, and residue were analyzed alongside germination and seedling development. Optimization was first carried out using edible amaranth seeds as a model organism and then validated with native grasses. The resulting models were statistically significant and allowed the identification of an optimal operational range. Germination was unaffected in single-seed pellets, and root growth was enhanced by the coating process. Overall, the proposed statistical methodology proved effective and broadly applicable for optimizing small-seed coating processes. Highlights: The Box–Behnken design enabled the identification of an optimal and reproducible operating range, proving to be an effective tool for seed coating process optimization while requiring a limited number of experiments and maximizing informational output. Coating small seeds significantly improved handling, overcoming the operational limitations associated with the small size of native grass seeds. Germination was not affected in single-seed pellets, and early root growth was enhanced, indicating a positive effect of seed coating on early seedling establishment.
Beef Quality of Braford Young Intact Males and Steers Grazing Pastures and Supplemented with Energy-Protein Sources During Growing and Fattening
In this study, the quality parameters of the carcass and meat of Braford young intact males (YIM) and steers (STR) aged 17 and 20 months were evaluated and compared under Rhodes grass grazing with supplementation systems. YIM and STR (n = 60) were assigned to the grazing period and finished concentration. The carcass quality parameters studied were conformation, fat content, tissue composition, carcass weight, dressing, longissimus thoracis area (LTA) and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT). Meat quality parameters such as pH, color, water holding capacity and texture were studied in the longissimus thoracis (LT) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles at two aging times, 3 and 15 days. YIM exhibited significantly higher body weight (BW), lower subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), and larger longissimus thoracis area (LTA) postmortem compared to STR. Significant differences (p <0.05) were found between the two slaughter ages for LTA. Among texture parameters, only the elasticity of LT varied with the age of animals, and this parameter decreased as the age of animals increased (p <0.05). Results show that YIM generate a good quality product (carcasses and meat), which justifies the implementation of this new category for productive advantages, demonstrating superiority in the meat industry. Highlights: Relative to steers, Braford young intact males (YIM) finished on Rhodes‑grass with energy–protein supplementation showed higher final body weight, larger Longissimus thoracis area, higher carcass yield, and lower subcutaneous fat thickness. YIM carcasses contained more lean tissue and less subcutaneous and intermuscular fat, yielding a higher muscle‑to‑fat ratio than steers. Meat pH trajectory and water‑holding capacity did not differ by category; however, 20‑month animals produced redder meat (higher a*), and YIM showed lower yellowness (b*). Texture profile analysis indicated LT elasticity decreased with slaughter age, and ageing the ST muscle from 3 to 15 days reduced hardness and gumminess.
Synergistic Action of the Essential Oils of Elionorus muticus and Lippia junelliana Against the Causative Agent of Chalkbrood in Bees (Ascosphaera apis)
Ascosphaera apis is the fungus that causes chalkbrood in Apis mellifera. Traditionally, its control has relied on synthetic fungicides, which can be harmful to bees and ecosystems. An alternative treatment has explored safer alternatives, such as the antimicrobial properties of plant-based essential oils. This study evaluated the combined effect of the essential oils of Elionorus muticus and Lippia junelliana on 10 isolates of A. apis using a “chessboard” experimental design. Minimum inhibitory concentrations, fungal growth rates and inhibition percentages were determined. Analyses were performed with ANOVA and post-hoc tests. The results showed that the combination of 200 µL/L of E. muticus and 25 µL/L of L. junelliana (C5) completely inhibited fungal growth after 144 h, with MIC50 significantly more effective than controls. The combined use of E. muticus and L. junelliana shows synergistic activity (FICI ≤0.5) in controlling A. apis and achieves full inhibition of the fungus under controlled conditions. These findings suggest that essential oils may be a viable alternative for the sustainable management of bee diseases. Highlights: The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) for combination C5 was 0.5, demonstrating a significant synergistic interaction between both essential oils. The combining of junelliana(25 µL/L) and E. muticus (200 µL/L) inhibited A. apis growth. Combinations C1 (12.5–400 µL/L), C2 (25–200 µL/L), C3 (50–100 µL/L), and C4 (200–25 µL/L) of the Eos showed a progressive decrease in inhibitory capacity over time, whereas combination C5 maintained a consistent inhibition above 50% throughout the study period, indicating greater temporal stability.
Enterococcus gallinarum CRL 1826 as a Probiotic for Ranaculture: in vitro Safety, Technological, and Physiological Properties
This study aimed to progress in designing a probiotic containing autochthonous Enterococcus gallinarum CRL 1826 for application during the life cycle of Lithobates catesbeianus in hatchery conditions. We assessed bacterial resistance to chemotherapeutics used in ranaculture, the presence of genes encoding virulence factors (VF) and vancomycin resistance, and bacterial survival and maintenance of beneficial properties after freeze-drying and storage. The strain exhibited resistance to antiseptics, sensitivity to most chemotherapeutics, presence of vanC, and absence of VF genes. It demonstrated resistance to freeze-drying and the highest survival when using skim milk+sucrose and storage at 4°C for 24 months. It also displayed bacteriocin activity against Listeria monocytogenes. Pre-lyophilized and lyophilized cultures grew/resisted individual gastrointestinal conditions and simulated gastrointestinal digestion, keeping bacteriocin activity and surface properties. For the first time, we demonstrated that E. gallinarum CRL 1826 is a safe bacterium with technological and physiological properties that would allow bullfrog gut colonization. These studies are essential for progressing towards selecting E. gallinarum CRL 1826 as a probiotic to prevent epizootics during bullfrog breeding and control foodborne bacteria, potentially improving growth performance of L. catesbeianus. Highlights: Enterococcus gallinarum CRL 1826 was sensitive to chemotherapics used in ranaculture. The strain did not display virulence and transferable vancomycin resistance genes. The dried strain showed great survival and bacteriocin activity for 24 months’ storage. The LAB resisted the gastrointestinal conditions and kept its bacteriocin activity.
Net Protein Requirements for Maintenance and Weight gain in Male Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) of the Peru Breed
Net protein requirements for weight gain (NPg) and maintenance (NPm) in meat-producing guinea pigs are not yet established. The objective of this study was to estimate the requirements for NPm and NPg in male guinea pigs of the Peru breed using the comparative slaughter method. Sixty guinea pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 393 ± 55 g were distributed in five groups of 12 animals. The animals were fed a pelleted diet. At the beginning of the experiment, a reference group with a BW 385.9 ± 44.5 g was slaughtered. Two groups were fed ad libitum, another group received 75% of the feed provided to the ad libitum groups, and a fifth group was kept at the maintenance level. One of the ad libitum-fed groups was slaughtered when its BW reached 846.6 ± 48 g. The other animals, distributed according to their feeding level, were slaughtered when the second ad libitum-fed group reached 1197 ± 84 g BW. The NPm requirement was 3.97 g/kg/EBW0.75 (empty body weight). And the requirement was NPg 2.5 g/kg EBW0.75. The protein use efficiency was 0.629. Highlights: The net protein requirement for weight gain in guinea pigs is 2.5 g/kg EBW75/day. The net protein requirement for maintenance in guinea pigs is 3.7 g/kg EBW75/day. The protein utilization efficiency is 0.629. The endogenous and metabolic nitrogen losses in guinea pigs are 0.6359 g/kg EBW75/day.
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Longevity of Purebred and Triple-Cross Dairy Cows in Entre Rios, Argentina
This study evaluated animal longevity according to age at first calving of pure and triple-cross dairy cows in an establishment in Entre Ríos, Argentina. Retrospective data from 1.498 dairy cows between 2012 and 2021 were analyzed, belonging to a commercial establishment in the center-west of Entre Ríos province, Argentina. Analyzed cows were those discarded (due to sale or death) and with records of their entire productive life. They belonged to five different racial groups, pure Holstein (H), pure Jersey (J) and triple crosses, resulting from the insemination of Holstein x Jersey (F1) cross cows with semen from bulls of the Brown Swiss (P), Guernsey (G) and Montbeliarde (M) breeds, respectively. The cows were grouped into three levels (CAT), according to age at first calving. These categories were: CAT1: < 24 months; CAT2: 24 ≤ CAT2 ≤ 30 months and CAT3: > 30 months. Significant differences were found in survival curves of the productive life variable (p=0.0001) at 50% survival probability. Jersey cows had the lowest longevity (60.4 months) and showed significant differences with Guernsey (72.7 months), Holstein (65.8 months) and Montbeliarde (70 months). Brown Swiss cows (86 months) had the highest longevity compared to the rest (CAT was not considered). In CAT1, Brown Swiss showed significant differences from the rest (p<0.05). In CAT2, Brown Swiss showed significant differences (p<0.05), as J when compared with Guernsey. In CAT3, only Brown Swiss showed significant differences (p<0.05) compared to Guernsey, Jersey and Montbeliarde. Triple-cross Brown Swiss dairy cows had greater longevity. Those having their first calving at a later age showed higher longevity, both in comparison with other genotypes and among the Brown Swiss cows. Highlights: Triple-cross Brown Swiss (P) dairy cows demonstrated the highest longevity (86 months), significantly outperforming all other tested genotypes, including purebred Holstein and Jersey cows. Crossbred cows exhibited longer productive lifespans compared to purebred cows, suggesting crossbreeding is a relevant strategy to improve cow longevity and reduce replacement rates in grazing systems. Age at first calving is a significant factor in cow longevity. Triple-cross Brown Swiss cows that calved at an older age (CAT3: >30 months) showed the greatest longevity compared to other genotypes and the Brown Swiss in younger categories. Longevity differences among genotypes were statistically significant across survival curves at 50% survival probability ($p=0.0001$), emphasizing genetic and management factors on productive lifespan.
Valorization of Regional Crude Glycerol. Culture Media Optimization for Batch Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Production with Aurantiochytrium sp.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has many benefits for human health. Commercial DHA sources derive from marine fish but present several production challenges. Aurantiochytrium sp., an abundant marine microalga, becomes an alternative for DHA production. Crude glycerol produced by small-scale biodiesel refineries is a regional, available, and inexpensive waste that can be converted into value-added compounds. This study investigated crude glycerol as a potential carbon source for DHA-rich oil production using an aerobically isolated Aurantiochytrium sp. in batch shake flasks. We also optimized the culture medium formulation by varying carbon and nitrogen sources, thereby reducing medium costs while maximizing DHA production. A larger initial Aurantiochytrium sp. inoculum improved cell concentration and medium carbon depletion, increasing DHA productivity (PDHA). Increasing culture time showed no differences in Aurantiochytrium sp. growth parameters, but reduced DHA production. The absence of yeast extract in the culture media resulted in faster substrate metabolism by Aurantiochytrium sp. and increased DHA production. Crude glycerol yielded the highest PDHA (15.35 mg L-1 h-1) at 120 h. Crude glycerol can be used as a cheaper carbon source in media formulation with Aurantiochytrium sp. cultures for DHA production. Crude glycerol is a cheap and highly available carbon source used by Aurantiochytrium for ω-3 DHA-rich oil production. Absent yeast extract in culture media enabled faster glucose metabolism, favoring lipid production and improving CTFA and CDHA. The largest initial inoculum (10.0% v/v) of Aurantiochytrium improved DCW, substrate depletion and PDHA. BCG medium yielded the highest CDHA and PDHA (84 g L-1 and 15.35 mg L-1 h-1, respectively) at 120 h. Quality assays of ω-3 DHA-rich oil product showed it is safer for human and animal food formulation.
Physicochemical Properties, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Activity of Andean Fruits: Optimization of Extraction by Response Surface Methodology
Native fruits from the Peruvian Andes, such as ushpa (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth) and sachon (Hesperomeles obtusifolia (Pers.) Lindl.), grow in high-altitude environments that favor the accumulation of bioactive compounds. However, limited characterization has restricted their sustainable utilization. This study analyzed the physicochemical properties, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), vitamin C (VC), and antioxidant activity (AA) of both fruits. It also evaluated the effects of solvent type (ethanol and methanol) and concentration (70% and 80%), and extraction time (60, 90, and 120 minutes) on extraction efficiency using response surface methodology. Both fruits exhibited higher levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity compared to other berry species. Optimal conditions for ushpa (64.86% methanol, 139.68 minutes) and for sachon (64.86% ethanol, 90 minutes) yielded TPC = 3,587 and 948 mg GAE/100 g, TFC = 1,821 and 701 mg CE/100 g, TAC = 252 and 8 mg C3G/100 g, and AA = 563 and 501 µmol TE/g, respectively. These findings support further research and potential valorization of these native fruits. Highlights: Ushpa and sachon are two native Peruvian Andean fruits that have not yet been commercialized. Ushpa, in particular, exhibited an outstanding chemical composition and antioxidant activity compared to commercial berries. The high antioxidant capacity was associated with phenolic richness and adaptation to high-altitude ecosystems. Response surface methodology and the desirability function were applied for multi-response optimization. The results highlight the potential of ushpa and sachon as functional ingredients.
Optimization of Antioxidant Extraction from Mutisia friesiana, Native Plant of the Quebrada and Puna Regions of Argentina
The study determined the optimal conditions for extracting antioxidant phenols from Mutisia friesiana (Asteraceae) using ultrasound-assisted extraction. We evaluated extraction time, ethanol concentration, and solid/solvent ratio, applying a Box-Behnken experimental design. Response variables were total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (EC50), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). All extraction variables were optimized by the response surface methodology. The optimal conditions resulted in 15 minutes of extraction, 65% ethanol, and a solid/solvent ratio of 5 g/100 mL. Under these conditions, TPC, EC50, and FRAP values were 54.24 mg GAE/g dw, 31.40 µg/mL, and 965.32 µmol EFe(II)/g dw, respectively. Extract HPLC–MS analysis under optimal conditions identified four phenolic compounds, previously reported for their antioxidant properties. This study provides valuable insights into optimal extraction parameters of bioactive compounds from M. friesiana, positioning the species as a promising natural antioxidants source for the food industry, particularly meat products. Highlights: Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized to recover antioxidant phenols from Mutisia friesiana using response surface methodology. Optimal conditions yielded an extract with high antioxidant activity. HPLC-MS identified four antioxidant phenols in the optimized extract.